Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks

The percontation mark (also known as the punctus percontativus or  percontation  point) is a late-medieval mark of punctuation (ØŸ) used to signal the close of a rhetorical question. In rhetoric, percontatio is a type of affective (as opposed to information-seeking) question, similar to epiplexis. In The Arte of Rhetoric (1553), Thomas Wilson makes this distinction: We doo aske often-tymes, because we would knowe: we do aske also, because we woulde chide, and sette furthe our grief with more vehemencie, the one is called Interrogatio, the other is percontatio. The percontation mark was used (for a brief period of time) to identify this second type of question. Examples and Observations When punctuation was first invented by Aristophanes, librarian at Alexandria in the 4th century BC, he suggested that readers could use middle ( ·), low (.), and high points (Ë™) to punctuate writing according to the rules of rhetoric. Despite this, it took another two millennia before the eponymous rhetorical question got its own mark of punctuation. Worried that his readers would not catch such a subtle figure of speech, in the late sixteenth century the English printer Henry Denham created the percontation mark—a reversed question mark--to address the problem. . . .Faced with a wave of apathy, use of the percontation mark had petered out within fifty years of its birth. (Keith Houston, 8 Punctuation Marks That Are No Longer Used. Huffington Post, September 24, 2013)The percontation-mark (or punctus percontativus), the standard Arabic question mark, indicated percontations, questions open to any answer or (more loosely) rhetorical questions, in various books of c.1575-c .1625. This usage seems to have been invented by the translator Anthonie Gilbie or his printer Henry Denham (a pioneer of the semi-colon): roman examples appear in their psalms of Dauid (1581), black letter ones in Turbervilles Tragicall Tales (1587). It didnt catch on in print because, being reversed, expensive new type was needed, but was used by scribes including Crane, who worked on Shakespeares First Folio: so how did compositors set percontation-marks present in their copy but not type-cases? One possibility is that italic or black letter question-marks amid roman type record otherwise unsettable percontation-marks. (John Lennard, The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism. Oxford University Press, 2005)[Henry] Denham seems to have been interested in punctuation, since two of the books he published in the 1580s contain another new, but rare symbol, the percontativus . . .. This consists of a reversed, but not inverted, interrogativus an d is used to mark a percontatio, i.e. a rhetorical question, one which does not require an answer. . . . For the most part 16th- and 17th-century authors and compositors either omitted to mark a percontatio, or used the interrogativus, but the percontativus does appear from time to time in the 17th century: for example, in the holographs of Robert Herrick and Thomas Middleton. (M.B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation. University of California Press, 1993)

Secrecy in Frankenstein Essay - 999 Words

When a crime is committed, the blame is usually placed on the criminal. This is because a crime cannot take place without a criminal. However, a lawbreaker generally has reasons for his misdeed. For a crime to occur, a criminal must have incentive. Consequently, the causes of a wrongdoer’s motivation are also responsible for the offence. In addition, crimes can be avoided if the proper precautionary measures are taken. Therefore, anyone who could have stopped a crime from happening is partially accountable for it. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, a creature created by Victor Frankenstein kills several of Victor’s loved ones. These murders could be blamed on the creature, but he is not solely responsible for them. The root cause of the†¦show more content†¦The enormous difference in the way Victor views the creature before and after its completion shows that he has an altered state of mind while he works on it. As a result of Victor’s secrecy about his creation, he sacrifices his health and happiness to make a creature that disgusts him. Victor endangers people by not warning them about the creature. When Henry Clerval arrives in Ingolstadt, Victor explains his haggard appearance by telling him that he has been too â€Å"deeply engaged in one occupation† (88) to allow himself sufficient rest. He does not tell Henry any details about this occupation because he cannot bear to think about his creature. When Victor invites Henry to his apartment, he â€Å"[dreads] to behold this monster; but [he fears] still more that Henry should see him† (88). This shows that he is more concerned about Henry finding out how he has been spending his time than he is about his own safety. He does not want to tell his secret to his very close friend. For this reason, Victor makes Henry wait at the bottom of the stairs while he checks his apartment for the creature. Shortly after they enter the apartment, Victor becomes ill. His illnes s lasts several months. Since he is the only person who knows about the creature’s existence, there is nobody who can search for it while he is ill. During Victor’s illness, William Frankenstein, his youngest brother, is murdered by the monster. Although theShow MoreRelatedWhy Did I Choose A Passage From Frankenstein?1504 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did I choose a passage from Frankenstein? It is a work which portrays a lot of themes, symbols, motifs and it is contextualized in a period with a lot of changes in the society. In this essay I will explore the many aspects of Frankenstein that influence in the society for its later staging of horror films. Mary Shelley was a British novelist and she was best known for her novel Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus; this science-fiction novel was published in 1818 and it was set in 1789 inRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of Human Nature1453 Words   |  6 PagesImpacts of Human Nature in Frankenstein Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a classic dark novel about the scientist Victor Frankenstein who defies the laws of nature, creating a horrifying aberration. This monster later went on to committing horrific deeds and became a destructive force that destroyed the life of his creator. However he was not innately destructive, but is rather an example of the destruction and pain caused by the tendencies of human nature portrayed in Frankenstein. Curiosity, the impetusRead MoreMajor Themes Of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1077 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Themes of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Many have heard of and read the classic novel Frankenstein in high school or maybe just for pleasure reading. Shelley was influenced to write Frankenstein by a discussion about the nature of life and the possibility of creating a creature between her husband and Lord Byron. Shelley used this idea to write a story for a ghost story contest. Frankenstein is full of themes in the novel shown in the character’s lives. Shelley uses the themes of appearancesRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley902 Words   |  4 Pageslikely served as an outlet for those thoughts, helping her put things into perspective and not get beyond herself into a state of insanity. In the book’s introduction, we are presented with a quote by Shelley that describes a vision that inspired Frankenstein and her first image of what would eventually become Victor and the monster. â€Å"I saw-with shut eyes, but acute mental vision-I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of aRead MoreThe Monster By Mary Shelley1563 Words   |  7 PagesA six foot man created by a montage of flesh and sinew might of been the most terrifying scene that Victor Frankenstein has ever beheld. The monster which is known by many through the well known gothic classic, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, has a lot to teach us about human nature. The monster was created not as a physical representation, but rather as a deep symbol of Victor Frankenstein. The monster really just lives within Victor, and drives him to the extent of doing things that he may neverRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1272 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelley s gothic romance novel Frankenstein (1818) features numerous ideas and concepts that develop over the course of the story through the use of repeated and contrasting eleme nts. The ideas and themes Shelley based the novel on were popular issues in her society at the time of writing. Themes are crucial ideas that are explored throughout a literary work. The themes present in Frankenstein included: dangerous knowledge, sublime nature, monstrosity, secrecy, and texts . Motifs are recurringRead MoreEssay on The Nature of Humanity in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nature of Humanity in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein examines the very nature of humanity through the juxtaposition of two characters, Victor Frankenstein and the creature. The curious creature has an innocent desire to learn whereas Victor Frankenstein pursues his blasphemed ambition. The creature has a sincere desire to belong in the human world but he is incapable of properly presenting himself whereas Victor Frankenstein isolates himself from humanity to hide hisRead MoreEnglish Level 2 Achievement Standard Essay3291 Words   |  14 Pagesare my extended texts I have chosen the novel It by Stephen King, and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. For my short story text I have chose The Tell-Tale heart by Edgar Allen Poe. My film is The Woman In Black directed by James Watkins. As I have studied these texts I have noticed connections throughout and how they intertwine with one-another. My first connection is that secrecy leads to karma. This connection is between Frankenstein and The Tell-Tale heart. This connection isn t one of the predominantRead MoreThe Gothic Elements Of Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 PagesSchroder Honors English IV December 8 2016 The Gothic Elements of Frankenstein Gothic novels are stories written in the gothic genre which is a literature genre of fiction characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror. This genre rose to, and flourished in, popularity during the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most famous novels of this Genre is Frankenstein, also known as the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is about a scientist who creates a grotesque sentient monster inRead More Frankenstein as a gothic novel Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein as a gothic novel The gothic tradition highlights the grotesque, relies on mysterious and remote settings, and is intended to evoke fear. All of these are evident in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, especially in chapter five. The settings in the novel are striking and distinctively gothic. Appropriately, the creature first breathes on a dreary night of November, in a remote laboratory at Ingolstadt. The eerie atmosphere is typical of the gothic tradition. Victor, unafraid

Cloning Essay Research Paper Is cloning necessary free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Peoples frequently question whether or non we as a scientific state are seeking to play the function of God. Many people say that we should non seek to interfere with nature. That is all right if in mundane life we did non seek to alter our home ground every individual second of every individual twenty-four hours. More than probably at one point and clip the land on which your house sits was covered by a grazing land of forests. That is interference. If we try to clone variety meats for graft patients that are in their concluding hr so we are really bettering their life. If betterment in the quality of life is playing God, so is that needfully a bad thing? Do we have the right to clone? We are all guaranteed rights by the fact that we are human existences. Those rights include the right to prosecute countries of scientific survey. Not many people vocalized his or her disapproval of infinite geographic expedition. At the clip that there was no talk of how morally incorrect Neil Armstrong? s walk on the Moon was traveling to be. They could hold argued the fact we are created on Earth we must remain here and non interfere with things beyond our comprehension. If they did, and the plan did non raise off, so we would non hold some of the engineerings that we have today. Cloning can merely give new engineerings that will be good to society. One misconception that many people have is that this engineering can fall into the # 8220 ; incorrect custodies # 8221 ; . We could non clone a individual of history to be the same individual that he or she was earlier. If we were to make that so it would be near impossible to reproduce the same character. They would wish any other ordinary homo ; they would be conceived, developed, and so born as all other babes. They would hold the same visual aspect and familial make-up as their equal. This does non intend that they would hold the same mental capacity as their old life. There are many things that lead to a human? s personality. Familial make-up does non hold as important function as many believe. Organ cloning is something that would be highly good to society. Imagine the ability to # 8220 ; make # 8221 ; a liver for a kid that has less than a month to populate. In the medical profession the doctrine of every physician is to? better the quality of life? . Is giving a kid a 2nd opportunity bettering the quality of life? Or is it playing God? Imagine if the engineering was available to clone his liver in order to protract his life. In this state there are 1000s of people on waiting lists to have new variety meats that will assist protract their life. Many of these people will decease because there is non a suited giver that matches their demands. Imagine the lives that will be saved if an person can clone their ain liver, or any other organ that is needed to last an unwellness. Equally much as cloning is perceived as a good thing, it could alter life to an full new civilisation. Cloning runs the hazard of making a population that is wholly the same. This population would be susceptible to the same diseases, and one disease could lay waste to the full population. One can easy visualize worlds being wiped out be a individual virus, but more events could happen from a deficiency of familial diverseness. For illustration, if a big per centum of a nation’s cowss are indistinguishable ringers, a individual virus could consequence the full population. The consequence could be big nutrient deficit in the United States. Any research into human cloning would finally necessitate to be tested on homo. The ability to clone worlds may take to the familial tailoring of offspring. The bosom of the cloning argument is concerned with the familial direction of a human embryo before it begins development. It is imaginable that scientists could change a babe # 8217 ; s familial codifications to give the person a certain colour of eyes or familial opposition to certain diseases. This is viewed as inappropriate, some expression at it as playing God. Cloning might be used to make a # 8220 ; perfect homo, # 8221 ; or one with above normal strength and sub-normal intelligence, a familial lower class. Besides, if cloning were perfected in worlds, there would be no familial demand for work forces. As in the book, A Brave New World, they cloned people into categories that made an full society of familial worlds that resembled nil less than an ant-farm. In the Alpha Class the cloning conditioned one to hold a great l ife merely like the queen ant holding 100s protect her. Or in the Epsilon Class being conditioned to believe that being a janitor is a good thing or the equivalent to a worker emmet. They go about their work as if it? s the best work possible. By making the perfect ringer and cognizing the fact that work forces could be eliminated from being is playing God. Cloning might hold a damaging consequence on domestic relationships. A kid born from an grownup DNA cloning of his male parent could be considered a delayed indistinguishable twin of one of his parents. It is unknown as to how a human might respond if he or she knew he or she was an exact extra of an older person. Research workers say that within 5 old ages a pill that will assist prevent malignant neoplastic disease will be introduced on the market. That is great if you do non already hold it. If we find the cistron that has been mutated so we will be able to rectify that, relieving all of the marks of the malignant neoplastic disease. Cloning will alter the face of the planet everlastingly. We should be excited that we are able to double such a complex sequence of cistrons. Whatever you feel is morally right we should let this to go on because if we neer explore the hazards so we can neer bask the benefits. As antecedently stated the infinite geographic expedition yielded many new engineerings that will forever assistance in the bettering of society. We can non go on to forbid the geographic expedition of scientific survey. If this pattern continues so we will non be able to go on to develop promotions in the prolonging of the human species. We can # 8217 ; t enforce a prohibition on cloning, if we do so who is to state that we will non enforce a prohibition on the research that will hopefully one twenty-four hours take to a remedy for malignant neoplastic disease.

Cloning Essay Research Paper Is cloning necessary free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Peoples frequently question whether or non we as a scientific state are seeking to play the function of God. Many people say that we should non seek to interfere with nature. That is all right if in mundane life we did non seek to alter our home ground every individual second of every individual twenty-four hours. More than probably at one point and clip the land on which your house sits was covered by a grazing land of forests. That is interference. If we try to clone variety meats for graft patients that are in their concluding hr so we are really bettering their life. If betterment in the quality of life is playing God, so is that needfully a bad thing? Do we have the right to clone? We are all guaranteed rights by the fact that we are human existences. Those rights include the right to prosecute countries of scientific survey. Not many people vocalized his or her disapproval of infinite geographic expedition. At the clip that there was no talk of how morally incorrect Neil Armstrong? s walk on the Moon was traveling to be. They could hold argued the fact we are created on Earth we must remain here and non interfere with things beyond our comprehension. If they did, and the plan did non raise off, so we would non hold some of the engineerings that we have today. Cloning can merely give new engineerings that will be good to society. One misconception that many people have is that this engineering can fall into the # 8220 ; incorrect custodies # 8221 ; . We could non clone a individual of history to be the same individual that he or she was earlier. If we were to make that so it would be near impossible to reproduce the same character. They would wish any other ordinary homo ; they would be conceived, developed, and so born as all other babes. They would hold the same visual aspect and familial make-up as their equal. This does non intend that they would hold the same mental capacity as their old life. There are many things that lead to a human? s personality. Familial make-up does non hold as important function as many believe. Organ cloning is something that would be highly good to society. Imagine the ability to # 8220 ; make # 8221 ; a liver for a kid that has less than a month to populate. In the medical profession the doctrine of every physician is to? better the quality of life? . Is giving a kid a 2nd opportunity bettering the quality of life? Or is it playing God? Imagine if the engineering was available to clone his liver in order to protract his life. In this state there are 1000s of people on waiting lists to have new variety meats that will assist protract their life. Many of these people will decease because there is non a suited giver that matches their demands. Imagine the lives that will be saved if an person can clone their ain liver, or any other organ that is needed to last an unwellness. Equally much as cloning is perceived as a good thing, it could alter life to an full new civilisation. Cloning runs the hazard of making a population that is wholly the same. This population would be susceptible to the same diseases, and one disease could lay waste to the full population. One can easy visualize worlds being wiped out be a individual virus, but more events could happen from a deficiency of familial diverseness. For illustration, if a big per centum of a nation’s cowss are indistinguishable ringers, a individual virus could consequence the full population. The consequence could be big nutrient deficit in the United States. Any research into human cloning would finally necessitate to be tested on homo. The ability to clone worlds may take to the familial tailoring of offspring. The bosom of the cloning argument is concerned with the familial direction of a human embryo before it begins development. It is imaginable that scientists could change a babe # 8217 ; s familial codifications to give the person a certain colour of eyes or familial opposition to certain diseases. This is viewed as inappropriate, some expression at it as playing God. Cloning might be used to make a # 8220 ; perfect homo, # 8221 ; or one with above normal strength and sub-normal intelligence, a familial lower class. Besides, if cloning were perfected in worlds, there would be no familial demand for work forces. As in the book, A Brave New World, they cloned people into categories that made an full society of familial worlds that resembled nil less than an ant-farm. In the Alpha Class the cloning conditioned one to hold a great l ife merely like the queen ant holding 100s protect her. Or in the Epsilon Class being conditioned to believe that being a janitor is a good thing or the equivalent to a worker emmet. They go about their work as if it? s the best work possible. By making the perfect ringer and cognizing the fact that work forces could be eliminated from being is playing God. Cloning might hold a damaging consequence on domestic relationships. A kid born from an grownup DNA cloning of his male parent could be considered a delayed indistinguishable twin of one of his parents. It is unknown as to how a human might respond if he or she knew he or she was an exact extra of an older person. Research workers say that within 5 old ages a pill that will assist prevent malignant neoplastic disease will be introduced on the market. That is great if you do non already hold it. If we find the cistron that has been mutated so we will be able to rectify that, relieving all of the marks of the malignant neoplastic disease. Cloning will alter the face of the planet everlastingly. We should be excited that we are able to double such a complex sequence of cistrons. Whatever you feel is morally right we should let this to go on because if we neer explore the hazards so we can neer bask the benefits. As antecedently stated the infinite geographic expedition yielded many new engineerings that will forever assistance in the bettering of society. We can non go on to forbid the geographic expedition of scientific survey. If this pattern continues so we will non be able to go on to develop promotions in the prolonging of the human species. We can # 8217 ; t enforce a prohibition on cloning, if we do so who is to state that we will non enforce a prohibition on the research that will hopefully one twenty-four hours take to a remedy for malignant neoplastic disease.

Cloning Essay Research Paper Is cloning necessary free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Peoples frequently question whether or non we as a scientific state are seeking to play the function of God. Many people say that we should non seek to interfere with nature. That is all right if in mundane life we did non seek to alter our home ground every individual second of every individual twenty-four hours. More than probably at one point and clip the land on which your house sits was covered by a grazing land of forests. That is interference. If we try to clone variety meats for graft patients that are in their concluding hr so we are really bettering their life. If betterment in the quality of life is playing God, so is that needfully a bad thing? Do we have the right to clone? We are all guaranteed rights by the fact that we are human existences. Those rights include the right to prosecute countries of scientific survey. Not many people vocalized his or her disapproval of infinite geographic expedition. At the clip that there was no talk of how morally incorrect Neil Armstrong? s walk on the Moon was traveling to be. They could hold argued the fact we are created on Earth we must remain here and non interfere with things beyond our comprehension. If they did, and the plan did non raise off, so we would non hold some of the engineerings that we have today. Cloning can merely give new engineerings that will be good to society. One misconception that many people have is that this engineering can fall into the # 8220 ; incorrect custodies # 8221 ; . We could non clone a individual of history to be the same individual that he or she was earlier. If we were to make that so it would be near impossible to reproduce the same character. They would wish any other ordinary homo ; they would be conceived, developed, and so born as all other babes. They would hold the same visual aspect and familial make-up as their equal. This does non intend that they would hold the same mental capacity as their old life. There are many things that lead to a human? s personality. Familial make-up does non hold as important function as many believe. Organ cloning is something that would be highly good to society. Imagine the ability to # 8220 ; make # 8221 ; a liver for a kid that has less than a month to populate. In the medical profession the doctrine of every physician is to? better the quality of life? . Is giving a kid a 2nd opportunity bettering the quality of life? Or is it playing God? Imagine if the engineering was available to clone his liver in order to protract his life. In this state there are 1000s of people on waiting lists to have new variety meats that will assist protract their life. Many of these people will decease because there is non a suited giver that matches their demands. Imagine the lives that will be saved if an person can clone their ain liver, or any other organ that is needed to last an unwellness. Equally much as cloning is perceived as a good thing, it could alter life to an full new civilisation. Cloning runs the hazard of making a population that is wholly the same. This population would be susceptible to the same diseases, and one disease could lay waste to the full population. One can easy visualize worlds being wiped out be a individual virus, but more events could happen from a deficiency of familial diverseness. For illustration, if a big per centum of a nation’s cowss are indistinguishable ringers, a individual virus could consequence the full population. The consequence could be big nutrient deficit in the United States. Any research into human cloning would finally necessitate to be tested on homo. The ability to clone worlds may take to the familial tailoring of offspring. The bosom of the cloning argument is concerned with the familial direction of a human embryo before it begins development. It is imaginable that scientists could change a babe # 8217 ; s familial codifications to give the person a certain colour of eyes or familial opposition to certain diseases. This is viewed as inappropriate, some expression at it as playing God. Cloning might be used to make a # 8220 ; perfect homo, # 8221 ; or one with above normal strength and sub-normal intelligence, a familial lower class. Besides, if cloning were perfected in worlds, there would be no familial demand for work forces. As in the book, A Brave New World, they cloned people into categories that made an full society of familial worlds that resembled nil less than an ant-farm. In the Alpha Class the cloning conditioned one to hold a great l ife merely like the queen ant holding 100s protect her. Or in the Epsilon Class being conditioned to believe that being a janitor is a good thing or the equivalent to a worker emmet. They go about their work as if it? s the best work possible. By making the perfect ringer and cognizing the fact that work forces could be eliminated from being is playing God. Cloning might hold a damaging consequence on domestic relationships. A kid born from an grownup DNA cloning of his male parent could be considered a delayed indistinguishable twin of one of his parents. It is unknown as to how a human might respond if he or she knew he or she was an exact extra of an older person. Research workers say that within 5 old ages a pill that will assist prevent malignant neoplastic disease will be introduced on the market. That is great if you do non already hold it. If we find the cistron that has been mutated so we will be able to rectify that, relieving all of the marks of the malignant neoplastic disease. Cloning will alter the face of the planet everlastingly. We should be excited that we are able to double such a complex sequence of cistrons. Whatever you feel is morally right we should let this to go on because if we neer explore the hazards so we can neer bask the benefits. As antecedently stated the infinite geographic expedition yielded many new engineerings that will forever assistance in the bettering of society. We can non go on to forbid the geographic expedition of scientific survey. If this pattern continues so we will non be able to go on to develop promotions in the prolonging of the human species. We can # 8217 ; t enforce a prohibition on cloning, if we do so who is to state that we will non enforce a prohibition on the research that will hopefully one twenty-four hours take to a remedy for malignant neoplastic disease.

Life Span Perspective Paper free essay sample

In the following document an explanation of the life span perspective of development will ensue. Summarization of two theories of life span development will be expounded. The writer will explicate how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development. Explain the Life Span Perspective of Development The life span perspective of development seeks to study development over the course of existence. Understanding the changes that occur throughout life from subtle to explosive is the purpose of this viewpoint. In order to value and comprehend the life span perspective the five characteristics of development are presented: multidirectional (changes occur in all directions but always in a straight line), multicontextual (Life is embedded with many context including family, history, and economic conditions), multicultural (Cultural differences have an affect even intercontinental), multidisciplinary (Scientific disciplines including but not limited to psychology, biology, and education), and plastic (Any trait in any individual can be altered at any point in development). We will write a custom essay sample on Life Span Perspective Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Within this structure the dynamic nature of life can be studied valued and recorded for present and future relevance. How and why we change as we grow and progress through life further defines development (Berger, 2008, p. 22). Summarize Two Theories of Life Span Development. Two major theories of life span development are Dynamic Systems theory and Sociocultural theory. Dynamic systems theory is an examination of individual development as forever altering; existence is the artifact of constant interface between the bodily and expressive being and amid the personality and all facets of his or her surroundings, together with the relatives and society. Instability is continuous, and each variant influence all the others (Berger, 2008, p. 5). Dynamic systems theory captures the connection of a person with their environment and the continuous possibilities for change during the interaction. Sociocultural theory is emergent theory that indicates development results from the dynamic interface amid each person and the surrounding social and cultural affects (Berger, 2008 p. 46). Sociocultural is not a complete theory but does provide a path to increased comprehension of development. Explain How Heredity and the Environment Interact to Produce Individual Differences in Development. Heredity as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica is the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring (http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/262934/heredity). Heredity takes the genes from the pool provided by the ancestral line of each parent and forms traits that will decide the characteristics of the offspring. The environment describes the location, surrounding elements, influences, and conditions. The description of environment must be expanded to include ecology and social and cultural forces (http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/environment). The two synergize or are interdependent over the life span of the individual, shaping, forming and affecting life experiences. Heredity forms a base of reference and the environment provides a dynamic life-scape of interactive development. Every person that is met in passing can alter the life path. For example; the middle school math teacher that indicated a person can do anything. One specific ecological event can alter the course as well. As an example; the rain storm that resulted in a person’s first view of a rainbow. The affect can be minimal, volatile or have no consequence at all. The outcome of these events or exposures are dependent (in no small part) on the heredity filter in which they are experienced through. That is the dynamic nature of the individual differences in development. Conclusion In this document an explanation of the life span perspective of development has been given. Summarization of two theories of life span development has taken place. The writer has explicated how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development.

Human Resource Management Policies

Human Resource Management Policies The case study centers on human resource management policies. The research focuses on the problems of the case. The research includes providing solutions to eradicate the two major problems. The solutions will favorably reduce the company’s employee turnover rate.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Human Resource Management Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In terms of the case study overview’s background facts that affect the current problems, the company’s turnover rate is high. The employees are disgruntled with the employees’ financial and job security future. There is no section that focuses on the development of the current and future employees. Many of the top caliber employees are transferring to the competitors. The employees’ disgruntlement is grounded by the company’s not caring for the good employees of the company. The company’s employee turnover rate stood at 30 percent. The employee turnover rate was the same during the past three years. In terms of the constraints or obstacles of the above situation, there are many constraints or obstacles to reducing the company’s employee turnover rate. The obstacles are grounded on management’s use of practical reasons as basis for their unfavorable employment policies (Morrison, 1991, p. 1). First, the company refused to institute a plan that ensures the company’s promotion possibilities do not reach a dead end. The average employee will do one’s best to surpass job benchmarks. In turn, the hardworking employee expects some reward from management. The reward may include bonuses for exemplary job performance. Another reward is a salary increase. Third reward is giving the employee citations or plaques for his overzealous job performance. The management officers were too busy focusing on resolving the current financial crisis, forgetting the employeesâ€℠¢ economic welfare. The economic crisis forced the company to set aside employee job enhancement plans. The company’s tight cash position prevents allocating funds for the enhancement of the company’s current employee benefits. The benefits include increasing the employees’ salaries and wages.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In terms of identifying the problem and the related symptoms, the problem is the improvement of the company’s employment image. There are several symptoms of the problem. In terms of the first problem, the company’s employee turnover rate averages an unfavorably high rate (30 percent). The company’s hiring a new human resource manager indicates there is a serious employee turnover problem. The employees’ dead end concept of the company indicates the company has an urgent problem. Helenâ€⠄¢s own person conviction indicates that she is not happy with the current human resource management policies. In terms of the second problem, some management officers are preventing the enhancement of the employee retention program. In the case study, Helen Morgan mentioned that the company’s board of directors, especially Harry James, hinders the promotion of many qualified company employees. Harry James insists on retaining the better employees under his wings. By doing so, Harry James does not need to hire the promoted employees’ replacements. Harry James feels that hiring new employees will entail training of the new employees. Training the new employees will reduce the company’s available cash balance. When compared to the seasoned current employees, the new employees generate more breakages and spoilages during their training months. In terms of pinpointing the relevant evidences that pertain to the problems, there are several evidences that show there ar e problems. Duane Brown (Brown, 2002, p. 37) reiterated a person’s work is one of the individuals’ status symbols within the society. In term of the first problem, the company does not have an exit interview. During the exit interview, the resigning employees explain the reasons for their resignation. The reasons will help management enhance its employee retention program. Second, Helen Morgan, one of the research and development employees, stated that the company does not care about the employees’ future.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Human Resource Management Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In terms of the second problem, the high turnover rate is indicative of a problem. The employees normally prefer to stay with the company. Transferring to another company would entail an adjustment to the new work setting, raising issues of workplace identity change (Pickman, 1997, p. 13). Generally, staying with the company is preferable since the employees are already well adjusted to their current work conditions. However, the company’s lending a deaf ear to the employees’ benefit and promotion requests often drive the quality employees away from the company. In terms of identifying the underlying factors that triggered the problems, there are underlying causes of the two problems. Regarding the first problem, improvement of the company’s employment image, the company does not prioritize the employees’ welfare; the company does not have a good employee retention program. The company does not care about the employees’ eager transfer to greener job pastures. The company centers its strategies to increasing revenues at the expense of withholding the employees’ rightful promotion and other benefits. Regarding the second problem, some management officers are preventing the enhancement of the employee retention program; the board of directors is too focused on increasing the company’s profits, setting aside the enhancement of the current employee welfare programs. Increasing the profits entails increasing the company’s revenues. Increasing revenues entails marketing the company’s products and services. Marketing the company’s products and services includes allocating cash to marketing expenses. In terms of solutions, there are viable answers to the two problems. To resolve both problems, the organization, especially the board of directors, should provide more employee benefits. The employee benefits are included in the company’s Career Planning System (Walsh, 1988, p.137). The enticing benefits should include more promotions.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the promotions in place, the employees will surely defer their resignation to a later time period. With the promotions, the employees will work harder and longer to achieve their promotion dream, reducing the employee turnover rate. The company should constantly increase the employees’ salaries. The salary increases will discourage resignations. The salary increases will challenge the current and prospective employees to give their 120 percent to each job responsibility. One such salary increase policy is to give the employees an annual five percent salary increase. Further, the company, especially the board of directors, should institute other employment benefits that will reduce the current employee turnover rate. For example, the management, including the board of directors, must offer travel bonuses to the deserving employee. The company, especially the board of directors, can offer housing privileges to its loyal employees. To reduce the current employee turnover ra te, the company can shower its top caliber line and staff employees with tempting car plans as well as other similarly attractive benefits. Based on the above discussion, the present case study focuses on enhancing the current human resource management policies. There are two major problems in the case study that need to be resolved. There are several effective solutions to resolve the two major problems. Indeed, the solutions will positively lessen the company’s employee turnover rate. References Brown, D. (2002). Career Choice and Development. San Francisco, California: Jossey Bass Press. Morrison, R. (1991). Contemporary Career Development Issues. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Press. Pickman, A. (1997). Special Challenges in Career Management. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Press. Walsh, B. (1988). Career Decision Making. Hilllsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Press.